EIP-7976 Empirical Report

The following represents a summary with empirical findings from analyzing EIP-7976's impact on transactions. Date: November, 2025

Dataset

Period: 150 days of Ethereum mainnet data (June-November 2025)
Blocks analyzed: 1,080,000 blocks
Total transactions: 223,626,649

Overall Impact Metrics

Transaction Impact Summary

Metric	Value
Total unaffected transactions	220,322,233 (98.52%)
Total affected transactions	3,304,416 (1.48%)
Transactions already affected by EIP-7623	2,808,580 (1.26%)
New transactions affected by EIP-7976 only	495,836 (0.22%)
EIP-7623 overlap percentage	85.0%

Address Distribution

Metric	Value
Unique unaffected senders	30,849,352 (98.4%)
Unique affected senders	503,397 (1.6%)
Unique affected recipients	711,303 (3.4%)
Avg transactions per affected sender	6.56
Avg transactions per affected recipient	4.65

Gas Usage Analysis (Affected Transactions)

Basic Gas Metrics

Metric	Value
Mean gas used	86,968
Median gas used	22,280
Average calldata bytes	2,271
Average zero bytes	889
Average non-zero bytes	1,382

Most Affected Senders

Top 30 Senders by Additional Cost Impact

Rank	Address	Transactions	Total Cost Increase (gas)	Avg Cost/Tx	Etherscan Link
1	0xe08cdadd44440e32ef153956a7ec40804a32dd74	1,941	9,617,746,280	4,955,047	View
2	0x54b839d988c9e712cd36cbf7c95dedc2b9f9ae6c	21,616	9,347,719,424	432,444	View
3	0xcbe6fbf5e3c427013688e04d0fde56705890c4be	17,110	8,648,757,461	505,479	View
4	0x148ee7daf16574cd020afa34cc658f8f3fbd2800	6,757	5,722,544,035	846,906	View
5	0xfe325f97146124f3767bfa59899fa4177fd46d2f	20,453	4,254,261,084	208,001	View
6	0x7804405f18e134c3c47d71ae02eb454d25722d88	699	3,176,420,025	4,544,234	View
7	0xe2da046340e00264c4f0443243a0565007ae08ac	5,311	3,168,185,085	596,532	View
8	0x7835fb36a8143a014a2c381363cd1a4dee586d2a	2,413	3,010,568,114	1,247,645	View
9	0xed9b8f05224b881a222ece2e20bd2f4bdb71d0f8	1,859	2,395,235,905	1,288,453	View
10	0xf2099c4783921f44ac988b67e743daefd4a00efd	1,131	2,164,837,191	1,914,091	View
11	0x570c531810ce02feb5eb2a9e1a2405464c82a7ec	1,414	2,050,545,330	1,450,173	View
12	0xb947d63b578fb48233de4076407dd0498dcf36ab	608	2,034,689,485	3,346,528	View
13	0xf6309d5a91fa559cbf8f6ff3c5ec8fb67fe38577	702	1,848,495,220	2,633,184	View
14	0x980c1999f4e0878c4910d4a1de2123ef040be07b	832	1,785,823,230	2,146,422	View
15	0x3f773dc3ccc70b3d2a549713ac8d556af949d4e8	974	1,713,010,497	1,758,737	View
16	0x89b2c022a08aa8c849c30d5e72e147932b76b628	723	1,455,357,225	2,012,942	View
17	0x8934c6bfe73e8b43c78459744d7c373eedb10876	409	1,403,884,590	3,432,480	View
18	0x9a05d4bc192ba1c73b47011652adaded3add8308	623	1,351,546,475	2,169,416	View
19	0x2c3b6e74be767cd9722cdf4a4ca08c6910012b0a	311	1,301,603,445	4,185,220	View
20	0xf6624e1a9cb8143091fa6916fa56c1cf3bb1be64	404	1,152,839,500	2,853,563	View
21	0x8595753b4cbffba64cb2e8d167fd25a2d448b5fa	422	892,776,365	2,115,583	View
22	0xf3d021d51a725f5dbdce253248e826a8644be3c1	3,168	829,432,199	261,815	View
23	0x62815399f1bc394445ef9a47daed86b9061d9641	4,367	792,030,012	181,367	View
24	0xf70da97812cb96acdf810712aa562db8dfa3dbef	1,140,536	790,076,999	692	View
25	0x0cad34b170a8e80b60f272d5ea9393f1b4cb7892	237	778,113,180	3,283,177	View
26	0x4cae788442670a46fd371850b0727224fcd63799	245	750,445,410	3,063,042	View
27	0x3b17facdd5e8be0029a68e10743b4cf24f37d030	78	666,051,985	8,539,128	View
28	0x30c2f77eaa93aace5e56ea4dcba5f21f794b58be	183	605,419,645	3,308,304	View
29	0xdfd3f1f53e8da33fff6851e7908ef472496d738a	227	529,185,625	2,331,214	View
30	0x09b96417602ed6ac76651f7a8c4860e60e3aa6d0	46,490	484,677,580	10,425	View

Key Observations

Top single address (0xe08cdadd44440e32ef153956a7ec40804a32dd74) accounts for 9.6% of all additional costs with only 1,941 transactions
Highest volume address (0xf70da97812cb96acdf810712aa562db8dfa3dbef) has 1,140,536 affected transactions but only 692 gas average increase per transaction
Highest per-transaction impact (0x3b17facdd5e8be0029a68e10743b4cf24f37d030) shows 8.5M gas average increase per transaction

Cost Impact

Metric	Value
Mean cost increase per transaction	30,287.65 gas units
Median cost increase per transaction	640 gas units

Address Concentration Analysis

Transaction Distribution

Address Group	Count	Percentage
1 affected transaction	293,132	58.23%
≤10 affected transactions	492,333	97.80%
≤50 affected transactions	502,047	99.73%
≤100 affected transactions	502,640	99.85%
≤200 affected transactions	502,894	99.90%
≤400 affected transactions	503,041	99.93%

Transaction Volume Concentration

Top Addresses	% of Affected Transactions
Top 10	42.40%
Top 20	46.89%
Top 30	49.18%
Top 40	50.87%
Top 50	52.08%

Transaction Volume by Percentiles

Address Percentile	% of Affected Transactions
Top 10%	53.17%
Top 20%	56.65%
Top 30%	58.52%
Top 40%	59.94%
Top 50%	61.03%

Cost Impact Concentration

Top Addresses	% of Additional Costs
Top 10	51.46%
Top 20	67.55%
Top 30	74.66%
Top 40	78.46%
Top 50	81.25%

Cost Impact by Percentiles

Address Percentile	% of Additional Costs
Top 1%	96.99%
Top 10%	98.98%
Top 20%	99.59%
Top 30%	99.81%
Top 40%	99.91%
Top 50%	99.95%

Method Analysis

Top 20 Affected Function Selectors

Rank	Function Selector	Transactions	Total Cost Increase	Avg Cost/Tx	Method Name
1	0x5578ceae	25,178	11,105,139,785	441,065	registerContinuousMemoryPage(...)
2	0x538f9406	22,333	9,463,956,180	423,766	updateState(uint256[],uint256[])
3	0xf074ba62	5,416	7,851,409,934	1,449,669	verifyCheckpointProofs(...)
4	0x46fa01fa	2,714	7,039,378,930	2,593,645	Unknown
5	0xb910e0f9	6,757	5,722,544,035	847,133	Unknown
6	0x2217b211	5,348	3,177,136,180	594,095	Unknown
7	0xc1bceb8c	1,849	2,357,236,963	1,274,873	Unknown
8	0xe85a6a28	12,971	1,862,516,315	143,591	verifyFRI(...)
9	0x46fa040c	296	1,570,922,320	5,307,844	Unknown
10	0x46fa03a0	277	1,316,313,155	4,752,738	Unknown
11	0x46fa01f4	423	1,081,763,690	2,557,536	Unknown
12	0x46fa026d	334	1,062,924,940	3,182,410	Unknown
13	0x46fa01f0	410	1,041,783,285	2,541,179	Unknown
14	0x6fadcf72	56,605	1,014,588,648	17,924	forward(address,bytes)
15	0x623b223d	4,213	924,216,060	219,423	Unknown
16	0x46fa030d	221	884,022,100	4,000,100	Unknown
17	0x3fe317a6	5,559	827,995,875	148,925	verifyMerkle(...)
18	0x46fa018f	396	817,798,600	2,065,147	Unknown
19	0x46fa0e3d	43	802,503,595	18,662,874	Unknown
20	0x46fa06b8	90	792,783,660	8,808,707	Unknown

Key Methods by Category

Zero-Knowledge Proof Systems

registerContinuousMemoryPage: 25,178 txs, avg 441,065 gas increase
updateState: 22,333 txs, avg 423,766 gas increase
verifyCheckpointProofs: 5,416 txs, avg 1,449,669 gas increase
verifyFRI: 12,971 txs, avg 143,591 gas increase
verifyMerkle: 5,559 txs, avg 148,925 gas increase

Multi-signature/Proxy Operations

forward: 56,605 txs, avg 17,924 gas increase

EIP-7623 Interaction Analysis

Linear Cost Increase

The analysis reveals that 85.0% of transactions affected by EIP-7976 are already impacted by EIP-7623. This means:

2,808,580 transactions (1.26% of all transactions) will experience linear cost increases as calldata pricing moves from EIP-7623 rates to EIP-7976 rates
495,836 transactions (0.22% of all transactions) represent new impact from EIP-7976

Pricing Structure Comparison

Byte Type	Current	EIP-7623	EIP-7976	7623→7976 Increase
Zero bytes	4 gas	10 gas	15 gas	+5 gas (50%)
Non-zero bytes	16 gas	40 gas	60 gas	+20 gas (50%)

Key Findings

High Concentration: Cost impact is extremely concentrated with top 1% of addresses responsible for 96.99% of additional costs
EIP-7623 Linear Escalation: Most affected transactions (85.0%) will see linear cost increases from existing EIP-7623 pricing
Address Distribution: 58.23% of affected addresses have only 1 affected transaction, indicating diverse but minimal user impact
Methods: Impact is dominated by zero-knowledge proof operations, with additional impact from multi-signature/proxy operations
Cost Variance: Median increase (640 gas) vs mean increase (30,287.65 gas) shows high variance in impact severity