EIP-7883 ModExp Analysis Report
Generated on 2025-07-21 13:34:56
Executive Summary
This report provides an analysis of EIP-7883's impact on ModExp operations based on 304,301 historical Ethereum mainnet calls using the pricing formula from the latest EIP-7883 specification.
Key Metrics
Overall Impact:
- Total ModExp calls analyzed: 304,301
- Unique transactions: 75,134
- Calls with cost increases: 304301 (100.0%)
- Total additional gas required: 542947771 gas
- Average cost increase: 1,784.25 gas per call
- Maximum single call increase: 64027 gas
Economic Impact:
- Network congestion: Average 0.006% of block gas limit
- Cost predictability: 100% of calls affected with 2.81x average increase
Updated Pricing Formula
The EIP-7883 specification introduces three key changes:
- Minimum gas cost: Increased from 200 to 500
- General multiplier: Removed division by 3 (effectively 3x increase)
- Large exponent multiplier: Doubled from 8 to 16 for exponents > 32 bytes
- Base multiplication complexity: Minimum of 16, doubles for sizes > 32 bytes
Parameter Analysis
Input Size Distributions
Statistical Summary:
| Parameter | Min | Max | Mean | Median | Std Dev |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bsize | 32 | 385 | 32.0 | 32.0 | 2.7 |
| Esize | 1 | 32 | 32.0 | 32.0 | 0.4 |
| Msize | 32 | 384 | 32.0 | 32.0 | 2.7 |
Common Size Combinations:
| Base Size | Exponent Size | Modulus Size | Count | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 32 | 32 | 32 | 304,225 | 100.0% |
| 256 | 3 | 256 | 31 | 0.0% |
| 128 | 1 | 128 | 27 | 0.0% |
| 128 | 32 | 128 | 10 | 0.0% |
| 128 | 3 | 128 | 6 | 0.0% |
| 385 | 3 | 384 | 2 | 0.0% |
Exponent Analysis
Fermat Prime Usage: 1,351 calls (0.4%)
Most Common Exponent Values:
| Rank | Exponent | Count | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0x30644e72... | 66,115 | 21.73% |
| 2 | 0xffffffff... | 54,656 | 17.96% |
| 3 | 0x1000000 | 50,599 | 16.63% |
| 4 | 0xffffff | 43,887 | 14.42% |
| 5 | 0xffffffff... | 28,955 | 9.52% |
| 6 | 0xc19139cb... | 20,644 | 6.78% |
| 7 | 0x3fffffff... | 15,463 | 5.08% |
| 8 | 0x1000002 | 6,703 | 2.20% |
| 9 | 0xa59c34 | 6,352 | 2.09% |
| 10 | 0x2000000 | 1,699 | 0.56% |
Gas Cost Analysis
Cost Distribution
| Cost Increase Range | Call Count | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| <500 gas | 116,974 | 38.4% |
| 500-1K gas | 0 | 0.0% |
| 1K-5K gas | 187,278 | 61.5% |
| 5K-10K gas | 16 | 0.0% |
| 10K-50K gas | 31 | 0.0% |
| >50K gas | 2 | 0.0% |
Cost Increase Percentiles
| Percentile | Gas Increase |
|---|---|
| 10th | 300 |
| 25th | 300 |
| 50th | 2,699 |
| 75th | 2,720 |
| 90th | 2,720 |
| 95th | 2,720 |
| 99th | 2,720 |
Entity Analysis
Most Impacted Senders
| Rank | Address | Total Increase (gas) | Avg Increase | Call Count | Current Cost | New Cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0x00000062... | 14,062,311 | 1,499.50 | 9,378 | 7,263,261 | 21,325,572 |
| 2 | 0x7202932b... | 8,315,040 | 2,720 | 3,057 | 4,157,520 | 12,472,560 |
| 3 | 0xaaf7b278... | 7,219,891 | 902.37 | 8,001 | 3,908,541 | 11,128,432 |
| 4 | 0x454ef2f6... | 7,190,430 | 2,678 | 2,685 | 3,592,530 | 10,782,960 |
| 5 | 0x54ab716d... | 6,794,898 | 913.29 | 7,440 | 3,673,398 | 10,468,296 |
| 6 | 0xfcb73f64... | 6,216,927 | 1,499.50 | 4,146 | 3,211,077 | 9,428,004 |
| 7 | 0xf3b07f67... | 3,045,348 | 912.33 | 3,338 | 1,646,548 | 4,691,896 |
| 8 | 0x4337001f... | 2,777,120 | 2,720 | 1,021 | 1,388,560 | 4,165,680 |
| 9 | 0x4337003f... | 2,717,280 | 2,720 | 999 | 1,358,640 | 4,075,920 |
| 10 | 0x4337002c... | 2,652,000 | 2,720 | 975 | 1,326,000 | 3,978,000 |
| 11 | 0x4337005d... | 2,589,440 | 2,720 | 952 | 1,294,720 | 3,884,160 |
| 12 | 0x4337004e... | 2,586,720 | 2,720 | 951 | 1,293,360 | 3,880,080 |
| 13 | 0x58d14960... | 1,476,481 | 939.84 | 1,571 | 795,631 | 2,272,112 |
| 14 | 0x6f9d816c... | 1,416,975 | 2,699 | 525 | 708,225 | 2,125,200 |
| 15 | 0xc2adcfcc... | 1,232,589 | 1,499.50 | 822 | 636,639 | 1,869,228 |
Most Impacted Contracts
| Rank | Contract | Total Increase (gas) | Avg per Call | Calls | Unique Users | Current Cost | New Cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0x5ff137d4... | 30,654,400 | 2,720 | 11,270 | 73 | 15,327,200 | 45,981,600 |
| 2 | 0x68d30f47... | 14,062,311 | 1,499.50 | 9,378 | 1 | 7,263,261 | 21,325,572 |
| 3 | 0x8c0bfc04... | 13,028,282 | 951.25 | 13,696 | 17 | 7,011,182 | 20,039,464 |
| 4 | 0x5d8ba173... | 9,141,460 | 899.75 | 10,160 | 9 | 4,950,460 | 14,091,920 |
| 5 | 0x870679e1... | 7,190,430 | 2,678 | 2,685 | 1 | 3,592,530 | 10,782,960 |
| 6 | 0x3b4d794a... | 6,216,927 | 1,499.50 | 4,146 | 1 | 3,211,077 | 9,428,004 |
| 7 | 0xa13baf47... | 1,416,975 | 2,699 | 525 | 1 | 708,225 | 2,125,200 |
| 8 | 0xd7f86b4b... | 1,260,433 | 2,699 | 467 | 3 | 629,983 | 1,890,416 |
| 9 | 0x02993cdc... | 1,232,589 | 1,499.50 | 822 | 1 | 636,639 | 1,869,228 |
| 10 | 0xece9cf6a... | 1,130,574 | 1,752.83 | 645 | 1 | 577,746 | 1,708,320 |
| 11 | 0x7cf3876f... | 1,124,625 | 1,499.50 | 750 | 1 | 580,875 | 1,705,500 |
| 12 | 0x150fe8db... | 792,688 | 2,678 | 296 | 1 | 396,048 | 1,188,736 |
| 13 | 0x00000000... | 685,440 | 2,720 | 252 | 7 | 342,720 | 1,028,160 |
| 14 | 0xd19d4b5d... | 575,808 | 1,499.50 | 384 | 1 | 297,408 | 873,216 |
| 15 | 0x92ef6af4... | 477,723 | 2,699 | 177 | 1 | 238,773 | 716,496 |
Key Findings and Recommendations
Impact Summary
- Universal Impact: 100% of ModExp calls will see cost increases under the updated EIP-7883
- Significant Increases: Average 2.8x cost increase across all operations
- Predictable Changes: Cost increases follow clear patterns based on input sizes
Recommendations by Stakeholder
For Affected Users:
- Review and update gas limits for all ModExp operations
- Budget for an average 1,784.25 gas increase per call
- Consider optimizing input sizes where possible
For Infrastructure Providers:
- Update gas estimation algorithms immediately
- Prepare for universal cost increases across all ModExp calls
Report generated from historical Ethereum mainnet data. All gas calculations verified against the latest EIP-7883 specification.